A year of terror, instability and curbs on various freedoms in occupied Kashmir

It has been a very troubled year for residents of the Indian occupied Kashmir ever since last year, on August 5, 2019, the Modi-led government scrapped Article 370 of the Indian constitution that guaranteed the state some autonomy. 

Ahead of Wednesday´s one-year anniversary, AFP examines the background to the contentious move, the harsh security crackdown and its aftermath, and a deadly June border clash with China.

Why is Kashmir such a powder keg?

India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the former princely state of occupied Jammu and Kashmir since it was divided in 1947, and both still see it as fully their own -- although China also controls small parts, and claims more.

A referendum mandated by a UN resolution in 1948 has never taken place.

For the past three decades, a revolt against Indian rule, and a muscular response has left tens of thousands dead, mostly civilians.

India and Pakistan regularly exchange fire across their de-facto frontier, and in February last year a suicide bomber killed 40 Indian troops -- pushing the two nations to the brink of another war.

What was Modi's objective?

Modi´s Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party has long seen Muslim-majority occupied Kashmir´s special status -- with partial autonomy and its own flag and constitution -- as a historical wrong.

Modi thought his "historic decision" would bring prosperity and peace to the restive region.

His change put occupied Kashmir under direct rule from New Delhi and downgraded the state by splitting it into two union territories -- Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh.

What took place on-ground?

An accompanying security operation was swift and heavy, with New Delhi sending in tens of thousands of troops to join the estimated half a million already there.

Seven million people in the Kashmir Valley were put under complete security lockdown for weeks, with freedom of movement severely restricted and gatherings banned.

Landlines, mobile phones and internet access were cut for months.

Around 7,000 people were taken into custody -- including three former chief ministers. Hundreds remain under house arrest or behind bars, mostly without charge.

Young men told AFP and other foreign media that they were detained and tortured by soldiers.

India encounters criticism from international community

India insists the security measures were temporary and has bristled at foreign criticism of what it calls a purely internal matter.

But beyond sharp words from Malaysia, Turkey and UN rights chief Michelle Bachelet -- and some unease in Brussels and Washington -- international reaction has been muted.

This is despite strenuous efforts by Pakistan´s Prime Minister Imran Khan -- who likened Modi to Adolf Hitler -- to see India criticised at the United Nations.

Pakistan was backed by China, which was irked by the change to Ladakh´s status, calling it "unacceptable" and worsening Beijing´s long-prickly ties with India.

In June, 20 Indian troops were killed in a clash with Chinese soldiers on their Ladakh border, the first combat deaths there since the 1970s.

What is the situation now?

Life remains hard in occupied Kashmir, with hundreds of checkpoints still in place and internet coverage patchy and slow.

The economic effect has been dire, with half a million jobs lost in the region by the end of 2019, the Kashmir chamber of commerce says.

Coronavirus lockdown measures have only added to the hardship, both for the economy and people´s lives.

Children have had barely any schooling for a year.

Security operations against people in Kashmir have accelerated, putting 2020 on course to be one of the bloodiest years for some time.

India has also granted tens of thousands of people from outside the region the same rights as Kashmiris, meaning they can now buy land for the first time. Critics say this is an attempt to change the demographic makeup of the region.

Companies from outside India have also been given a string of mining concessions, often riding roughshod over environmental rules in the region, critics say.