Scientists unlock history of ancient flying reptiles with rare fossil in Germany

Scientists have unearthed a well-preserved fossil skeleton of this newly identified species, named Skiphosoura bavarica, in a discovery that fills a major gap in the understanding of the evolution of pterosaurs — creatures that were important components of ecosystems during the age of dinosaurs.

Skiphosoura lived toward the end of the Jurassic Period some 147 million years ago. 

It is anatomically transitional between the long-tailed and relatively small pterosaurs that originated roughly 80 million years earlier during the Triassic and the short-tailed ones that later would become the giants of the Cretaceous such as Quetzalcoatlus, whose wingspan rivaled an F-16 fighter.

"It's of huge importance," said paleontologist David Hone of Queen Mary University of London, lead author of the study published on Monday in the journal Current Biology, revealing how Skiphosoura provides insight into pterosaur evolution.

"It also brings other pterosaur finds we had already made into focus, better explaining where they go in the family tree of pterosaurs and allowing us to show this transition from the early to late forms — and see what features were changing in what order," said Hone.

The creature, whose scientific name means "sword tail from Bavaria," had a short and stiff pointed tail. The specimen has almost every bone in the skeleton preserved in three dimensions, rather than crushed flat like many fossils. It was unearthed in 2015 in the southeastern German state of Bavaria.

Skiphosoura would have been one of the largest fliers in its ecosystem. Its skull was about 10 inches long.

"The bony crest is limited to the front of the snout, but it would have had a soft tissue extension on top of this that would have made it quite a bit bigger. It was likely brightly coloured or patterned, but we don't know for sure," said Hone.

"The teeth are quite long and sharp. They are for puncturing and holding," Hone said. "It would have been a generalised predator of small prey, taking things like lizards, small mammals, big insects and maybe fish. It was probably living inland, perhaps in forests."

Pterosaurs, cousins of the dinosaurs, were the first of three vertebrate groups to achieve powered flight, followed by birds about 150 million years ago and bats around 50 million years ago. 

Pterosaurs were wiped out 66 million years ago in the mass extinction event that also doomed the dinosaurs after an asteroid struck Earth.

Paleontologists divide pterosaurs into two major groups — the early non-pterodactyloids and the later pterodactyloids. The early group's members possessed a short head, short neck, long tail, short bone in the wrist of the wing and long fifth toe on the foot. 

The later ones had a large head, long neck, short tail, long wrist and short fifth toe. The later huge pterosaurs also had no teeth.

The discovery of Skiphosoura and another species called Dearc sgiathanach, which lived roughly 170 million years ago in Scotland, have helped clarify key events in pterosaur evolution. They are part of a transitional group called darwinopterans bridging the early and later pterosaurs.